Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is a highly contactable infectious virus that mainly affects avian species such as chickens, turkeys and pigeons. The virus is widely distributed worldwide and poses a serious threat to the poultry farming industry. In order to ensure the safety and hygiene of poultry farming, accurate and rapid detection of Newcastle disease virus is particularly important. This article will introduce you to several common detection methods of Newcastle disease virus.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a commonly used immunological detection method, which is also suitable for the detection of Newcastle disease virus. ELISA is a common immunological assay, which is also suitable for the detection of Newcastle disease virus, through the binding of specific antibody to the antigen of Newcastle disease virus, and the signal amplification of the enzyme-labelled antibody, so as to achieve the quantitative or qualitative detection of the virus.ELISA has the advantages of easy operation, high efficiency, high sensitivity and so on, and is suitable for large-scale sample s screening.
Indirect immunofluorescence test (IFA)
Indirect immunofluorescence test (IFA) is a method of detecting viral antigen using fluorescein-labelled antibody. In detecting Newcastle disease virus, a known Newcastle disease virus antigen is first coated on a slide, and then the sample to be examined (e.g. serum) is incubated with the antigen. If antibodies to Newcastle disease virus are present in the sample, they will bind to the antigen.
Next, a fluorescein-labelled antibody (e.g. sheep anti-chicken IgY) is added, which binds to the Newcastle disease virus antibody in the sample, forming an antigen-antibody-fluorescein complex.
When observed under a fluorescence microscope, a fluorescent signal will be emitted if NCD virus antibodies are present in the sample.The IFA method has the advantages of being rapid, intuitive and highly sensitive, and is suitable for clinical diagnosis and laboratory research.
Haemagglutination Inhibition Test (HI)
Haemagglutination Inhibition Test (HI) is a method to assess the susceptibility and immune status of animals to virus infection by detecting the level of antibodies against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in serum. In the test, the Newcastle disease virus is first incubated with erythrocytes to form a virus-erythrocyte complex. Then, serum to be examined is added to it and observed to see if it inhibits the binding of the virus to the erythrocytes.
If there are enough antibodies in the serum, it can inhibit the combination of virus and erythrocytes, thus preventing the occurrence of haemagglutination.HI method is simple, easy to carry out, low cost, and is one of the commonly used methods in the epidemiological investigation and clinical diagnosis of Newcastle disease virus.
Molecular biology detection methods
With the continuous development of molecular biology technology, more and more molecular biology detection methods are applied to the detection of Newcastle disease virus. Among them, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) are two commonly used methods. These methods achieve rapid and accurate detection of viruses by amplifying viral nucleic acid sequences.
RT-PCR methods are suitable for qualitative detection of viral nucleic acids, while qPCR methods are capable of achieving quantitative detection of viral nucleic acids. These molecular biology detection methods have the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity, easy operation, etc. They have important application value in the early diagnosis of Newcastle Disease virus, epidemic monitoring and epidemiological investigation.
Other detection methods
In addition to the above several commonly used detection methods, there are some other methods are also used in the detection of Newcastle disease virus. For example, spot immunofiltration test, double diffusion test and other methods are based on antigen-antibody specific binding principle for virus detection. Each of these methods has its own characteristics and is suitable for different testing needs and scenarios.
In conclusion, Newcastle disease virus is detected by a variety of methods, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In practical application, appropriate detection methods should be selected according to specific situations to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the test results. At the same time, strengthening the hygiene management of poultry farming and vaccination are also important measures to prevent and control the spread of Newcastle disease virus.
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